What is Bottom Trawling and Why is it so
Controversial?
Nordic Ocean Watch's knowledge sharing team has been involved in a research project focusing on bottom trawling, created by Ricardo Bowen, who studies Political Science at the University of Copenhagen.Here, Bowen's research project has three main purposes; 1) to explain what bottom trawling entails, 2) discuss how bottom trawling affects marine flora and fauna, and 3) contribute with solution to minimize the negative consequences.
Trawling, specifically bottom trawling, is a fishing method where you drag a large fishing net along the seabed. Heavy metal weights are used to stretch the fishing net and hold it along the bottom. The goal of bottom trawling is to maximize the catch of desired fish species. Bottom trawling was first used as a fixation method in the 1870s in the Pacific. Since then, the application of the method has increased explosively and the development has been refined.
Bottom trawling has been shown to have indirect and direct negative consequences for entire marine ecosystems.
We will start off with the seabed itself. Bottom trawling damages the composition of the sedimentary layers of the seabed, leading to the release of CO2. The animals living on the seabed, such as shellfish, sea urchins and corals are at risk of sustaining serious or fatal injuries as the trawl nets are dragged along the seabed. The flora is also affected by bottom trawling, for example seagrass risk being torn from the seabed, thereby inhibiting its distribution, and leaving the sea bed periodically barren.
The structures of the seabed, corals, and seagrass are important elements of many fish species habitats and therefore they are indirectly affected by the abovementioned consequences of bottom trawling.
The fish species targeted by bottom trawling are at risk of overfishing as both mature and juvenile fish. Juvenile individuals have not yet reached the reproductive age and losing them from a population will affect population growth.
Marine mammals and seabirds also experience the flipside of bottom trawling. they risk being entangled in both active trawl nets, but also old discarded nets, socalled ghost nets. When entangled in nets the animals risk injuries and in worse cases death.
An inherent risk of bottom trawling is by-catch; that is the unintentional capture of non-targeted animal species. Individuals who are caught as by-catches risk stress, permanent physical injuries and worst case, drowning. Last mentioned only goes for animals unable to breathe underwater, such as turtles and whales.
It may take a marine ecosystem a substantial amount of time to recover from the negative effects of bottom trawling. If an ecosystem is exposed to these disturbances continuously, it may have the final consequence that the ecosystem is unable to recover and thereby important marine habitats are lost.
It is beyond dispute that there is an urgent need to look into possible solutions that can reduce the negative effects of bottom trawling.
A solution that is discussed in relation to bycatch is the use of a camera. Specifically, how a live camera on the fishing net may help reduce the amount of by-catch, by keeping an eye on what is ahead of the net. In this way, the fishermen can change direction if steered towards an unwanted shoal of fish or other marine animals.
Another solution related to bycatch of larger species such as turtles is exclusion mechanisms. The concept of an exclusion mechanism is that a pre-form open-closing mechanism is built into the fishing net, which allows unwanted by-catch to escape from the net.
To prevent overfishing of the targeted fish species, trawling nets with specific mesh sizes are developed, so that they can only catch individuals of a specific size. This thereby reduces the risk of population reduction, as more juvenile fish will survive to reach the reproduction age.
We finish off where we started; the seabed itself. A way to protect the seabed structures from damage is by developing "Intelligent" bottom trawling nets that are able to adjust the distance to the seabed.
On the surface, bottom trawling seems to be a societal gain as it meets the growing need for food production on a global scale. However, it comes at an unacceptable high cost for the marine environment, and therefore projects such as Bowens, are crucial, because we are in serious need of developing technologies that can make bottom trawling more sustainable for the ocean.