The answer may seem fairly obvious; the Arctic regions are filled with ice and snow, ergo if the temperatures rise, this will melt as a result. But did you know that in the last 50 years, the temperature in the Arctic has risen by approx. 2-3°C, which is more than twice as much as the average global temperature rise? The accelerated effect of the rise in temperature in the Arctic is an important detail that isn't often discussed when talking about global warming, but unfortunately the truth is that although the increase in temperature is a global issue, the increase is even more apparent in the Arctic. So how can that be? This is due to something called albedo.
When the sunlight hits the icy surface in the Arctic, about 80-90% of the light is reflected back into the atmosphere. This means that the surface does not absorb the heat from the light, because the white background of the ice has a high reflection, or a high albedo, as it is called. The high albedo is the cause of the relatively low temperatures in the Arctic compared to the warmer temperatures in temperate and tropical environments. In contrast, the seawater surrounding the Arctic has a much darker surface, and for that reason, a much lower albedo. That is, the water absorbs 80-90% of light, and thus much more heat. When the water around the Arctic rises in temperature, it causes the ice to slowly begin to melt, exposing the dark surface beneath. This means that the albedo begins to decrease, and the sunlight is reflected to a lesser extent, which means that more heat is absorbed, which leads to a further reduction of ice and albedo. Unfortunately, this is a ‘vicious circle’ because it results in more and more ice melting while the temperature slowly rises.
Some may wonder why a rise in temperature is an issue we should be concerned about. Temperature is an environmental factor that plays a huge role in all ecosystems. It sets the limit for the abilities, numbers, and distribution of different species in a given environment which means that increased temperature can cause a massive shift in the structure and function of the ecosystem. As many have heard before, a big reason why the global temperatures are rising in the first place is hugely due to human activities resulting in increased production and release of greenhouse gases that become trapped in the atmosphere. In addition, there are also more direct human actions that specifically contribute to the albedo being lowered in the Arctic. Namely, that pollutant particles, such as dust particles from burning coal that is captured and transported by the wind until it unfortunately settles as a dark layer on, for example, the Greenland Ice Sheet, which lowers the ice’s ability to reflect the sun's heat, and further promotes melting of the ice.
It is worrisome that the temperature is rising so much in the Arctic because this area has a great impact on the global climate, and the consequences that global warming has on the Arctic are therefore not limited to just that part of the world. No, even though most people will likely never set foot in the Arctic environment, these consequences will still affect us all on a global scale. The sea ice in the Arctic covers a large area; about 15% of the oceans are covered by sea ice. When sea ice forms, the salts are pushed out of the ice and the salinity (salt content) under the sea ice increases. Water with high salinity is heavier and sinks below the upper water masses. This process contributes to the global ocean current, which helps transport cold, nutrient-rich water to the rest of the world, which is of great importance for the small algae that form the basis of the food web and for CO2-containing surface water to be carried to the lower water masses. If the thickness and distribution of sea ice is reduced due to global warming, less cold, high-saline water will sink, which will affect the circulation of seawater and the carbon-cycle.
Furthermore, the temperature increase also contributes to increased sea levels due to melting ice and snow. According to DTU, the global water levels have actually risen by an average of 3mm per year since 1990, and it continues to rise, which can cause catastrophic problems for various island communities and coastal areas that are threatened with flooding. Not only that, but the increased temperature also causes the permafrost (permafrost: layer of soil that has been frozen continuously for at least two years) to thaw, causing several greenhouse gases, such as methane and CO2 which were otherwise locked in the permafrost, to be released. Again, we see a self-reinforcing process contributes to global warming and results in warmer degrees and more melting.
Based on observations and models, it turns out that the general trend between January 1979 and January 2020 is a decrease in square meters of sea ice, which corresponds to a reduction of approx. 3.5% pr. 10 years. The more sea ice that disappears, the smaller the surface that seals and walruses use as a breeding and resting place. Thereby, the density of these animals will increase along the nearby shores, which can be problematic in relation to the spread of disease and increased competition of various resources like food and space for the animals.
The Arctic is particularly vulnerable to temperature rises, there is no doubt about that. If the ice continues to melt at the current speed, some studies predict that the Arctic will be completely ice-free during summer by 2035. However, some stakeholders such as shipping and oil companies will benefit from a significant loss of sea ice in the Arctic because it will create faster and cheaper shipping routes and give access to new resources that become available because of the ice melting. But this is not without serious consequences - with reduced sea ice comes a reduction in the animals that benefit from the ice and utilize it for various life functions. Global ocean currents are affected, communities of people that depend on the fishing of Arctic species are affected. We will all be affected if temperatures continue to rise as they are.