The well-being of our World's oceans are undeniably dependent on the state of Earth’s climate. Therefore, the disturbing climate changes we are witnessing at present, are really bad news, to put it mildly, for life in the ocean. Politicians, scientists, companies, NGOs and citizens, all try to turn the negative trend around; however, with fluctuating enthusiasm.
At Aarhus University, Department of Animal Science to be precise, professor Peter Lund has his workplace. He falls into a category of scientists who are highly dedicated to finding new solutions to reduce emission of greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide - the gasses driving climate change.
But, what is the connection between climate and animal science? Well, the term “animal science” covers livestock animals such as horses, pigs, sheeps and cattle, and with that being said, Iḿ sure some of you readers have figured out the connection now: “ when cows fart they emit methane, and they fart a lot!” That is a statement many of us have heard, read or even told others, but it is actually not quite true. It is from the other end of the cow methane is being emitted - And that is when cows burp - and they burp a lot, to put it mildly!
Before we dive deeper into the work of professor Peter Lund and the burping cows, we need to take a quick trip back to school and sum up how greenhouse gasses affect the climate.
There are naturally occurring greenhouse gasses in our atmosphere and humans should be very grateful for that because they ensure that we have a climate on Earth fit for living organisms. This phenomenon is called the Natural Greenhouse Effect. So, without greenhouse gasses Earth would be a huge lump of ice. The problems arise when there is suddenly a larger amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere, than what is naturally occuring; that is the human-emitted greenhouse gasses. They also hold back heat from the sun in the atmosphere, just like the naturally occurring greenhouse gasses, and the atmosphere starts getting much warmer than needed. The more greenhouse gas humans keep emitting, the warmer it will keep getting. This is called the Human-induced Greenhouse Effect. The different types of greenhouse gasses are not equally potent, and if we look at the three most common ones, methan is 28 times more potent than carbon dioxide, whereas nitrous oxide is 298 more potent.
Back to the cows. To understand professor Peter Lunds work with reducing cows methane emission via their burps, we need to understand the digestive system of a cow. Cows are actually quite fascinating animals if you ask Peter Lund, because they are fundamentally different from humans. You can feed a cow something that humans cannot use for nutrients, e.g. grass (plant fibers) and then the cow changes it into something that humans can use for nutrients, that is meat and milk. It is these microbiological processes in the digestive system of a cow, Peter is working with for the sake of our climate.
A cow's stomach has four complex compartments. The largest is called the Rumen and it weighs approx. 100 kg and contains 2 kg of different bacteria. These bacteria produce enzymes capable of breaking down plant fibers into acetic acid, propanoic acid and butanoic acid, which the cow gets nutrients from. As part of this process the bacteria also produce carbon dioxide and hydrogen. When the bacteria die they are transported to the intestines and also used as a nutrient source for the cow. However, as part of the culture of bacteria in the Rumen we also find so called methanogens, and they turn the aforementioned carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methane - And then the fat is in the fire, because that is the methane the cow emits as burps.
Put in short terms, Peter's research is to find a way to remove or stop the methanogens, without affecting the good bacteria in the cow’s Rumen. He is using a substance called Bovear which has the ability to inhibit the enzyme system in the methanogens responsible for producing methane. The capabilities of Bovear was discovered by the help of a computer model of a cow’s digestive system. With the computer model scientists tried more than 1000 different substances to see if they had the desired effect on methane production in the Rumen. But, one thing is a computer model, a real life cow is an entirely different story! Bovear is added to the cow’s food in combination with different other substances known to have a reductive effect on the methanogens methane production, e.g. nitrate. An important part of Peter's research is to investigate which amounts and combinations give the most optimal results, because it is one thing to reduce methane emission from the cow, but if it is at the expense of the cows ability to produce milk or meat, then it has no true effect in the big greenhouse gas emission picture. Therefore, everything the cows used in the research programme does, is closely watched and registered, for example how much they eat, purp, milk production and so forth.
At this point Peter and his team has succeeded with reducing a cow’s methane emission by 40%; however, its milk production has also decreased a tiny bit, so the total climate footprint of 1 litre of milk ends up reduced by 30%. Peter and his team continue their work trying new amounts and combinations of Bovaer and other substances in the hope of gaining an even bigger methane emission reduction.
If we want to keep having cattle farming in Denmark, research such as Peter Lunds, is of the utmost importance. It is an utopian idea that we can dismantle or reduce Danish cattle farming to a level where it has a positive effect on Denmark greenhouse emission, within the timeframe needed to reach the Danish Climate Goals, and more important to turn the negative development in climate change around in time.